Hluav taws kub ib txwm yog ib qho kev hem thawj loj tshaj plaws rau tib neeg lub neej. Raws li cov tsev, tsheb thauj mus los, textiles, khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov ntaub ntawv polymer tau dhau los ua qhov dav, qhov kev thov rau kev txhim kho hluav taws xob tau txuas ntxiv mus.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov nplaim taws- cov ntaub ntawv retardant los ntawm cov khoom uas tsis yog tag nrho -combustible. Lub hom phiaj ntawm nplaim taws- thev naus laus zis yog kom txo qis qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, ua kom cov nplaim taws qeeb qeeb, txwv kev tso cua sov, thiab muab sijhawm ntau rau kev khiav tawm thiab tua hluav taws.
Los ntawm cov av nplaum tiv thaiv txheej siv nyob rau hauv cov vaj tse qub mus rau niaj hnub intumescent systems, nanocomposites, thiab qis- pa taws, qis- toxicity technologies, kev tsim hluav taws kub- cov ntaub ntawv tiv taus tau ntev ntev ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav.
1. Ancient Suav Fireproofing khoom thiab kev tiv thaiv tsev
Tuam Tshoj pib tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws thaum ntxov.
Nyob rau ntawm Dadiwan archaeological site nyob rau hauv Qin'an, Gansu Province, yos rov qab li ntawm 5,000 mus rau 8,000 xyoo, ancient builders muab txheej txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm cov ntoo kab nyob rau hauv loj pej xeem vaj tse thiab siv cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv cementitious rau saum npoo ntawm cov ntoo. Cov kev coj ua no yuav raug suav hais tias yog cov ntaub ntawv ntxov ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws kub architectural.
Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg, tib neeg twb tau lees paub tias kev tshem tawm cov qauv me me, txheej cov tsev loj dua, thiab tsim cov chaw sib cais tuaj yeem pab txo qhov hluav taws kub.
Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab caij nplooj zeeg thiab Tsov Rog Xeev, Suav tus kws tshawb fawb Mozi tau npaj ntau yam kev tiv thaiv hluav taws thiab kev tua hluav taws. Cov no suav nrog txheej cov rooj vag hauv nroog thiab cov tsev nrog cov av nkos, ua dej- nqa cov cuab yeej los ntawm daim ntaub hemp, siv cov thawv tawv tawv los tuav dej, thiab txhim kho cov chaw cia dej ntawm cov tuam tsev tiv thaiv.
Cov kev ntsuas no tau cuam tshuam txog kev sib koom ua ke thaum ntxov uas ua ke nrog hluav taws kub- tiv taus qhov chaw kho, tsim lub tsev, thiab cov khoom siv tua hluav taws.
Los ntawm Yuan Dynasty, tus kws tshawb fawb txog kev ua liaj ua teb Wang Zhen tau muab kev sib tham zoo txog kev tiv thaiv hluav taws hauv nws txoj haujlwm.Nong Shu, los yogPhau Ntawv Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb. Nws sau tias:
Hluav taws loj hlob thaum nws ntsib ntoo, tua los ntawm dej, thiab xaus thaum nws ncav cuag lub ntiaj teb.
Wang Zhen kuj tau sau tseg cov hluav taws kub- cov khoom siv tiv thaiv ua los ntawm cov khoom xyaw xws li cov cib crushed, av nplaum, tung roj, charcoal hmoov, thiab txiv qaub, tov nrog glutinous paste. Cov ntaub ntawv muab kev tiv thaiv saum npoo, rwb thaiv tsev thermal, thiab kev tiv thaiv, thiab tej zaum yuav suav tau tias yog hluav taws kub sib xyaw ua ke hauv Suav teb thaum ntxov- txheej tiv thaiv.
Txawm hais tias cov kev coj ua keeb kwm no tseem tsis tau tsim cov nplaim hluav taws niaj hnub no - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, lawv twb tau ua pov thawj ntau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: cais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm huab cua, txo cov cua sov hloov mus, npog cov nplaim hluav taws xob, thiab tiv thaiv cov nplaim taws ncaj qha.
2. Thaum Ntxov Kev Tshawb Fawb Sab Hnub Nyoog ntawm nplaim taws-Kev kho mob retardant
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nplaim taws- kev kho mob retardant nyob rau sab hnub poob kuj tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm los ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub, ntoo raug kho nrog alum-raws li kev daws teeb meem nyob ib ncig ntawm 450 BCE kom txo tau nws cov nplaim taws. Cov neeg Loos tom qab txhim kho cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj xws li vinegar rau kev kho mob, pab txhim kho nws cov kav ntev thiab ua haujlwm zoo.
Los ntawm thawj ib puas xyoo BCE, nplaim taws- cov txheej txheem retardant twb tau siv rau hauv kev tiv thaiv tub rog. Alum-raws li kev daws teeb meem tau tshaj tawm tias siv los kho ntoo fortifications, thaum txheej txheej ua los ntawm av nplaum thiab fiber ntau- cov khoom siv tau siv los tiv thaiv cov khoom siv ntoo tiv thaiv hluav taws.
Xyoo 1638, tus kws tsim qauv Italian theem thiab tus kws tsim vaj tsev Nicola Sabbatini tau thov ntxiv cov av nplaum thiab gypsum rau cov txheej txheem siv rau cov ntaub thaiv kev ua yeeb yam kom txo tau lawv cov hluav taws. Daim ntawv thov no qhia tau hais tias hluav taws kub nyhiab hauv cov vaj tse pej xeem tau pab cuam tshuam li cas thaum ntxov ntawm cov nplaim taws- cov thev naus laus zis tsis zoo.
Xyoo 1735, British patent tau tshaj tawm rau kev kho ntoo thiab textiles siv alum, borax, thiab ferrous sulfate. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua thib kaum yim, cov tebchaw xws li ammonium sulfate kuj raug tshawb xyuas raws li cov khoom ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws- cov qauv tsim tawm.
3. Kev Tsim Nplaim Niaj Hnub No-Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb
Lub xyoo pua puas xyoo tau cim qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb los ntawm kev paub- raws li kev siv hluav taws kub hnyiab mus rau kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb.
Xyoo 1821, Fab Kis tus kws kho mob JL Gay-Lussac tau raug txib los tshawb xyuas cov txheej txheem los txo cov nplaim taws ntawm cov ntaub thaiv kev ua yeeb yam. Nws pom tias ammonium ntsev ntawm sulfuric, hydrochloric, thiab phosphoric acids tuaj yeem txhim kho cov nplaim taws ntawm hemp thiab linen.
Nws kuj tau pom tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ammonium chloride, phosphoric acid, thiab borax tuaj yeem txhim kho cov nplaim hluav taws ntau ntxiv -kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
Txoj haujlwm no tau suav hais tias yog qhov pib tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb txog hluav taws xob -cov fibers thiab cov qauv tsim. Nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus -kev siv phosphorus- thiab nitrogen- muaj cov ntsiab lus los txhawb lub cev qhuav dej thiab char tsim- tseem cuam tshuam rau nplaim hluav taws- retardant technology niaj hnub no.
Nyob ib ncig ntawm xyoo 1859, cov tebchaw suav nrog ammonium phosphate, ammonium chloride, borax, ammonium sulfate, thiab stannate ntsev tau ntxiv rau cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab - kev kho mob retardant.
Los ntawm impregnation, txheej, thiab tsim cov inorganic tiv thaiv txheej ntawm fiber ntau, tus cwj pwm combustion ntawm fabrics yuav raug txhim kho.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, nplaim taws-kev tshawb fawb retardant maj mam hloov los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj ib leeg mus rau cov txheej txheem sib xyaw, tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab saum npoo- thev naus laus zis kho.
4. Kev tsim kho kev lag luam hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum
Nrog kev loj hlob sai ntawm plastics, hluavtaws roj hmab, thiab hluavtaws fibers hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, nplaim taws- thev naus laus zis tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam.
Ntau cov ntaub ntawv polymer yog ib qho yooj yim rau ignite, hlawv sai, thiab tso tawm cov cua kub ntau. Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho lawv cov hluav taws kev ua tau zoo tau dhau los ua ib qho kev sib tw loj.
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo pua nees nkaum, chlorinated roj hmab nkag mus rau hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab industrialization theem. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1913, stannate ntsev thiab ammonium ntsev tau raug siv rau textile nplaim taws- kho retardant.
Nyob rau xyoo 1930, cov txheej txheem sib koom ua ke raws li cov tshuaj chlorinated paraffin thiab antimony oxide tau pib siv cov nplaim taws- cov khoom siv retardant. Halogenated tebchaw pab inhibit dawb- radical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov nplaim taws, thaum antimony oxide txhim kho lawv cov hauj lwm zoo.
Cov tshuab no tau siv ntau xyoo hauv cov yas, roj hmab, coatings, thiab textiles.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov hluav taws tsis muaj hluav taws xob- cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv raws li cov iav ntim dej thiab cov pob zeb hauv av tau pib tshwm sim. Cov kws tshawb fawb tom qab tsim cov txheej txheem uas nthuav dav thiab tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv char hauv qab cua sov, tso lub hauv paus rau cov hluav taws kub nyhiab niaj hnub no- cov txheej tiv thaiv.
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, kev thov rau cov tub rog cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub thiab cov ntaub ntawv canvas nrog cov nplaim taws thiab dej tsis kam ntxiv ua kom cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau ntau dua -cov txheej txheem txheej txheej raws li chlorinated paraffin, antimony oxide, thiab binders.
5. Txoj Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob -Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Haujlwm
Thaum xyoo 1940s, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib siv lo lus "intumescence" los piav txog qhov nthuav dav thiab ua npuas ncauj uas tshwm sim thaum qee cov nplaim taws -cov khoom siv hluav taws xob raug tshav kub lossis hluav taws.
Nyob nruab nrab ntawm kwv yees li xyoo 1948 thiab 1950, cov qauv yooj yim ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab- cov tshuab hluav taws xob tau pom tseeb dua, ua rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kua qaub, cov pa roj carbon monoxide, thiab lub tshuab tshuab.
· Covacid qhov chawtxhawb nqa lub cev qhuav dej thiab carbonization.
· Covcarbon qhov chawtsim lub moj khaum ntawm kev tiv thaiv char txheej.
· Covtshuab qhov chawtso gases uas nthuav cov char mus rau hauv ib tug ntxeem tau qauv.
Thaum cov khoom raug nplaim taws lossis kub kub, txheej txheej intumescent npog lub substrate thiab txwv tsis pub hloov cov cua sov, oxygen, thiab cov khoom tawg yooj yim. Qhov no slows lub cua sov thiab hlawv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv qab.
Nyob rau xyoo 1970, cov kws tshawb fawb tau qhia ntxiv tias kev tsim cov txheej txheem ruaj khov thaum lub sij hawm polymer combustion tuaj yeem txhim kho cov nplaim taws zoo heev -kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
Cov nyhuv tiv thaiv ntawm char yog li ntawd los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm condensed -theem nplaim taws- retardant txoj kev xav.
Xyoo 1989, G. Camino thiab lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau luam tawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab- cov tshuab ua kom tsis muaj zog, pab txhawb kev nkag siab txog kev xav thiab kev siv tswv yim.
6. Kev Hloov Mus Rau Siab -Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo Tshaj Plaws
Tom qab xyoo 1950, cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab-cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab thiab nplaim taws- cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau pib tshwm sim.
Tsis zoo li cov nplaim taws retardants ntxiv, cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tuaj yeem raug muab tso rau hauv cov qauv molecular ntawm polymer. Qhov no tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntev thiab txo qhov kev tsiv teb tsaws lossis poob ntawm cov nplaim taws- cov khoom siv retardant thaum siv.
Txij xyoo 1960 mus lawm, ntau yam uas muaj ntxhiab halogenated nplaim retardants nkag mus rau kev lag luam siv, thiab nplaim taws- cov ntaub ntawv retardant maj mam txav mus rau hauv loj -scale industrial ntau lawm.
Nyob rau xyoo 1980, kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv nanocomposite tau qhib qhov kev taw qhia tshiab rau cov nplaim taws -kev tshawb fawb retardant.
Qee cov nanomaterials tuaj yeem txhim kho thermal stability, txhawb kev tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv, thiab txo cov cua sov- tso tawm thiab huab hwm coj- poob tus nqi ntawm qhov qis qis.
Cov nplaim hluav taws niaj hnub- cov ntaub ntawv retardant feem ntau tsis cia siab rau ib qho ntxiv ntxiv lawm. Es tsis txhob, lawv muab ntau yam mechanisms, xws li:
· inhibiting combustion chain reactions nyob rau hauv cov roj theem;
· txhawb char tsim nyob rau hauv lub condensed theem;
· txo cov cua sov hloov los ntawm cov txheej txheem insulating;
· txwv txoj kev txav ntawm cov pa oxygen thiab cov roj hluav taws xob uas tsis muaj teeb meem;
· txo cov pa taws los ntawm pa taws-suppressant systems;
· txhim kho char qauv thiab thermal stability nrog nanomaterials.
7. Cov kev cai thiab cov qauv tsav kev txhim kho hauv kev nyab xeeb hluav taws
Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, plastics, hluavtaws roj hmab, thiab hluavtaws fibers tau lug siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev, tsheb thauj mus los, rooj tog, khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov hluav taws kub txaus ntshai cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv polymer tau txais kev saib xyuas ntxiv.
Txij xyoo 1960 mus, Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Europe, thiab lwm thaj chaw tau maj mam qhia txog kev lag luam, cov qauv khoom, thiab cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb ntsig txog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Kev txhim kho nplaim taws tiv thaiv yog li hloov zuj zus los ntawm kev yeem ua los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim khoom rau hauv kev ua lag luam yuav tsum tau- nkag mus rau qee yam khoom.
Niaj hnub no, nplaim taws-retardant thiab hluav taws kub- cov kev cai tiv thaiv siv tau rau ntau yam kev lag luam, suav nrog:
· cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab kev tsim kho;
· textiles;
· rooj tog thiab txaj;
· tsheb thiab tsheb thauj mus los;
· aerospace;
· xaim thiab cables;
· khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob;
· tshiab - roj teeb lub zog.
Cov ntawv thov sib txawv xav tau ntau qib thiab hom kev ua haujlwm hluav taws.
Ntxiv nrog rau kev tiv thaiv hluav taws kub, cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum raug ntsuas rau cov nplaim hluav taws kub, tso tawm hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob, tshuaj lom neeg, nplaim hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob tiv thaiv, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev -.
8. Tus nqi tsim nyog ntawm nplaim taws-Cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo
Lub hom phiaj ntawm nplaim taws- thev naus laus zis tsis yog los lav tias cov khoom yuav tsis hlawv nyob rau hauv ib qho xwm txheej.
Nws tus nqi yog nyob rau hauv kev tswj tus cwj pwm combustion thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo tias hluav taws yuav pib, kis, los yog hnyav dua.
Cov nplaim hluav taws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo- tus qauv tsim tsis tuaj yeem ncua sijhawm hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob sib kis, txo cov cua sov- tso tawm tus nqi, txwv cov khoom poob, thiab muab sijhawm ntau rau kev khiav tawm, tua hluav taws, thiab kev tiv thaiv vaj tse.
Raws li hluav taws kub- cov kev xav tau kev nyab xeeb txuas ntxiv mus, cov nplaim hluav taws niaj hnub no- cov thev naus laus zis tsis zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb dua rau kev ntsuas qhov hluav taws kub nrog cov pa taws, tsis muaj tshuaj lom, ib puag ncig zoo, ua haujlwm ntev, thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab.
Nplaim taws- yog li kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo yuav tsum raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev ntsuas tus qauv es tsis yog txiav txim los ntawm cov khoom siv npe, tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, lossis cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm tus muag khoom.
